ARGENTINA: Attorney General Julio Conte Grand recognizes the finality of the jury´s verdict

 

Attorney General Julio Conte Grand.

In an Opinion of the Attorney General for the Province of Buenos Aires, AG Julio Conte Grand recognized that a jury verdict of not guilty cannot be appealed by the prosecution or the complainant. 

In Argentina, the complainant can act as a party (a private prosecutor) and, on this basis, the complainant (known as the “querellante) attempted to appeal a not guilty verdict in the notorious “El Camping Durazno” case. 

The Attorney General’s Opinion establishes the policy for his Office, which represents almost one third of the population of the nation, that a jury verdict of not guilty is final and cannot be appealed by the state prosecutor or a private prosecutor. 

The Supreme Court must now decide the matter, but the AG’s Opinion removes the state’s opposition to respecting the voice of the citizen jurors. 

The Opinion changes the criminal procedural landscape in Argentina and brings the Province of Buenos Aires one step closer to a coherent adversarial system of trial by jury.

The AG’s twelve-page opinion strongly criticized the reasoning of two of the judges from the BA High Court of Appeals (BA HCA) which had allowed the appeal and overturned the verdict. AG Conte Grand labeled their views "arbitrary" and a "blatant deviation from the law."

"I concur with the defence on two grounds: firstly, that the procedural rule is being applied beyond its intended scope, and secondly, that as a result, an arbitrary reasoning emerges, rendering the contested judgement invalid as a judicial act.” 

AG Conte Grand agreed with the defense that the not guilt verdicts could not be appealed and therefore demanded that the defense attorneys' appeal be granted, the Appeals’ Court ruling be nullified, and the acquittals rendered by the jury be confirmed. He stated in plain terms that there is no possible appeal by the prosecutor or complainant against the not guilty verdict rendered by the jury.

Now, the only remaining step is for the Supreme Court of Buenos Aires to render its judgment.

The Opinion reflects a major consolidation of the jury system and is consistent with with one of the most memorable pronouncements in our legal history regarding the double jeopardy guarantee, as exemplified in the 1975 opinion of the Attorney General of the Argentine Nation in the case entitled "María Estela Martínez de Perón Exceptional Instance of Res Judicata (Opposed in C. No. 3150/75) S.C.C. 548, Vol. XVII."

Even without a jury system, the Attorney General of the Nation stated during the 1974-1977 period: 

"There is unanimous agreement in legal doctrine, both procedural and constitutional, that the so-called material effect of res judicata is rooted in the respect for individuals who have already endured state persecution, preventing the reiteration of the exercise of punitive claims when the outcome of the initial process has proven unsatisfactory."(see Opinion AG 1974-77)

The Attorney General regards the judgement of the BA High Court of Appeals as arbitrary, as it blatantly departs from the explicit language of Article 371 quáter, subsection 7, of the Criminal Procedure Code (which prohibits nullifying a not guilty verdict). Furthermore, it diverges from the precedents established by the Supreme Court of Justice of the Province of Buenos Aires (SCJPBA) and the BA High Court of Appeals itself, regarding not guilty verdicts of the jury as unappealable..

Not only that, but he dismantled the primary argument behind the contentious annulment decreed by Judges Violini and Borinsky of the BA HCA.

At that time, these two judges, ex novo, entered a directed verdict of nullification against the not guilty verdict of the jury because the circuit judge, Fabián Riquert, allegedly denied the Legal Guardian for Minors and Incapacitated Individuals the opportunity to participate in the testimony of the minor during the trial.

These two judges deemed this to be "a clear infringement on the rights granted to the young victim to have specialized assistance, as stipulated by the regulations, and a violation of due process that inevitably leads to the nullification of the trial" (see)

The Attorney General directed specific criticism at this maneuver. By simply examining the trial video, he asserted that "the Legal Guardian for Minors and Incapacitated Individuals did participate in the trial and was present at the time of the testimony of the minor victim."

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The defense teams appealed to the Supreme Court of Justice of the Province of Buenos Aires (SCJPBA) and achieved widespread support through amicus curiae submissions from leading legal personalities and organizations in Argentina.  (see amicus curiae).

The Public Defense of the Province of Buenos Aires and the judges from the internationally renowned Trial of the Military Juntas in 1985 -León Arslanian, Guillermo Ledesma, Jorge Valerga Aráoz, and Ricardo Gil Lavedra- also joined the amicus curiae submissions, highlighting the finality of the jury´s verdict. (see).

Judges Guillermo Ledesma, Ricardo Gil Lavedra,
León Arslanian y Jorge Valerga Aráoz

"The jury's determination to withhold political authorization for the exercise of punitive power remains unalterable, and I contend that this does not introduce an imbalance between the involved parties in the proceedings, as the situations of the accused and the complainant are not equivalent," asserted the Attorney General in one of the most noteworthy passages of his opinion.

CASE BACKGROUND

The case is currently in the phase of analysis and deliberation by the Supreme Court of Buenos Aires, addressing the appeals filed by the defense teams of the three young individuals—Lucas Pitman, Tomás Jaime, and Juan Cruz Villalba. This comes after two judges of the BA HCA, against the contrary jurisprudence of its own Court and the Supreme Court, chose to annul the jury's acquittal and mandated a new trial at the end of 2021.

In this context, Attorney General Julio Conte Grand issued his opinion, recommending that the Supreme Court uphold the appeals submitted by the defense, represented by lawyers Martín Bernat and Noelia Agüero. He proposes nullifying the BA HCA´s ruling and, consequently, restoring the not guilty verdict of the jury.

MAIN ARGUMENTS OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OPINION

Conte Grand's principal argument centers on the regulation governing jury trials, which explicitly states that the complainant—representing the victim or their family—lacks the power to appeal a not guilty verdict of the jury.

"The BA HCA's departure from legal doctrine on this matter becomes strikingly evident", remarked the Chief Prosecutor of the Province in his opinion.

Highlighted passages from the opinion:

# "The appellate court's deviation from substantive law (Article 371 quáter, subsection 7 of the CPP - an article incorporated by Law 14.543) and its legal doctrine is glaringly apparent, justifying not only an appeal for the specific disregard of the norm but also for rendering the contested verdict an arbitrary pronouncement."

# "The interpretation of this norm doesn't appear as a dissenting opinion from the BA HCA but rather, both the procedural rule and the doctrine surrounding it are clear and decisive, constituting manifest arbitrariness."

# "A not guilty verdict is immutable, and, in any case, the grounds for appeal are exclusively open as a safeguard for the defendant."

# "Article 371 quáter, subsection 7 of the CPP establishes that the only way for the judge to enter a directed verdict is when a guilty verdict by the jury is manifestly contrary to the evidence."

# "If the legislator had intended the same to apply to a not guilty verdict, it should have been explicitly stated with the incorporation of said article when the Code of Criminal Procedure was reformed by Law 14.543."

# "It should not be forgotten that, according to the Supreme Court of Argentina, the primary source of legal interpretation is the letter of the law, so when no interpretative effort is required, it should be applied directly."

# "Furthermore, this interpretation aligns with the legal doctrine of the Supreme Court regarding the lack of power of both the prosecutor and the complainant to appeal a not guilty verdict from the jury."

# "The fact that the victim, acting as a complainant, cannot challenge the jury's not guilty verdict does not impose an irreparable burden, and this limitation does not infringe constitutional or conventional guarantees."

# "From the perspective of the victim's conventional right to effective judicial protection, there does not seem to arise a constitutionally rooted right to appeal a not guilty verdict."

# "Local procedural rules that grant the victim the possibility to participate as a private party in the trial adequately respect the guarantee of Article 8.1 of the American Convention on Human Rights (CADH), and the local regulation establishing the non-appealability of the not guilty verdict issued by a jury cannot be deemed incompatible with conventional guarantees."

# "It is pertinent to recall the sovereign nature of the jury's decision, as this is the rationale for the non-appealability of its verdict, a principle acknowledged for centuries in the most robust Western democracies of the common law tradition."

# "The jury's decision to deny political permission to apply penal power cannot be altered by anyone, and I believe this does not imply an inequality between the parties in the process, as the situations of the involved parties—the accused and the complainant—are not equivalent."

More related news:

- Diario La Capital (6/12/23): "Camping El Durazno: jueces del juicio a las Juntas cuestionan que se realice un nuevo debate" (ver)

- Qué Digital (19/12/23): "Abuso en el camping de Miramar: el procurador pidió revocar la anulación del juicio" (ver)

- 0223 (19/12/23): "Abuso en el camping: el Procurador General pidió anular el fallo que revocó la absolución" (ver)

- Ahora Mar del Plata (19/12/23): "Abuso en el camping El Durazno: la absolución y el rechazo a un nuevo juicio, cada vez más cerca" (ver)

- 0223 (20/12/23): "Abuso en el camping: para los defensores el dictamen del Procurador es “contundente” (ver)

- Diario La Capital (20/12/23): "Camping El Durazno: el procurador pide anular el fallo que revocó la absolución de los jóvenes" (ver)

- Palabras del Derecho (21/12/23): "Juicio por Jurados: el particular damnificado no puede recurrir el veredicto de no culpabilidad" (ver)

First jury trial in Mendoza, Argentina: a unanimous jury found mountain guide Peteán Pocovi guilty of attempted femicide and murder in the first degree

Mendoza wrote today one of the golden pages in the judicial history of Argentina: a unanimous jury found Sebastián Petean Pocoví (34) guilty of all four charges. The trial had inmense repercussion in Argentina.

The facts

The incident occurred on May 25, 2018, in the midst of a siesta in Mendoza, when the man stabbed his wife's abdomen, arm and back with a hunting knife. He fled in a Ford Ranger truck at full speed, almost killed four policemen during his escape and, when two other policemen on a motorcycle tried to stop him, he accelerated and ran over them at a 100 miles an hour. The two officers died immediately. His uncontrolled flight ended when he lost control of the vehicle.

"The defendant used his truck as the murder weapon", said prosecutor Guzzo to the jury during his closing statement.

The two unfortunate police officers

Petean´s wife, Carolina Seser (33) underwent a serious surgery and the doctors managed to save the lives of the twins. Today those girls, 8 months old, are called Lara and Ema, and carry their mother's last name, since Petean doubts fatherhood.

Judge Rafael Escot

"He was screaming at me that he was going to kill me and the twins", she said to the jury. "He was heavily intoxicated with cocaine and booze. The discussion began because of his "sick jealousy." He said that the girls were not his. "He was paranoid and even accused me of going out with a cousin of my grandmother, a 74-year-old man with whom I had no dealings and who had just arrived from Buenos Aires#, said the woman.

During the attack, the family dog was also wounded in the skull. "I only remember that while he was stabbing me, the dog was barking, jumping and trying to defend me. The loyal animal was also a victim," she said.

The prosecution team

The verdict

After more than three hours of deliberation and inmense anticipation throughout the province, the jury announced that it had its decision.

Previously, the jurors requested to watch again two fundamental videos of the chase in route 40 on that fateful May 25th, 2018. Before a crowded room and in the middle of an unbearable tension, presiding judge Rafael Escot had the defendant stand up to receive the verdict from his peers.

"We, the jury, unanimously find Petean Pocoví guilty of murder in the first degree, attempted murder and attempted femicide as charged"

With his head down, Petean Pocoví received one by one, like crushing blows, the four unanimous guilty verdicts that sentenced him to life. Prosecutor Fernando Guzzo, and private prosecutors Claudia Vélez and Eduardo de Oro sighed with relief.

The governor reacted immediately

The political and social impact was impressive. The media, newspapers, radios and families from Mendoza did nothing but talk about the verdict of the jury. The newspapers immediately echoed the news, spurred by the jury wave that invades the country.

It is indeed a momentous week in Argentina for its new jury systems. Four days ago, doctor Villar Cataldo, who killed an armed thief in self defense, was found not guilty. The verdict captivated the country. Only two days ago, the Supreme Court of Justice ruled that the provincial jury systems are consistent with the Constitution. It was the first ruling in 165 years dealing with jury trials.

Massive instant media reports

After the jury´s unanimous verdict, all the tension accumulated during the four days of the trial was released. The relatives of the victims broke out in tears. Among touching embraces with their lawyers, the wife of one of the victims said: "My little son now knows that his father's murderer is going to receive the appropiate punishment".

The relatives and friends of the police officers after the verdict

The trial had an unprecedented transparency in the history of the country's judiciary. The opening and closing statements and the verdict were broadcast live on television and the Internet. Thanks to the presiding judge and the State Supreme Court, the entire country was able to follow what happened in the splendid courtroom, specially prepared for this historic moment.

Also, thanks to a joint initiative between Prof. Valerie Hans from Cornell University (New York), INECIP, AAJJ and the State Supreme Court all the jurors, judge and attorneys filled in a questionnaire after the trial. The new jury system in Mendoza will be subject of empirical research from the very start.

As usual, the unanimous verdict of the jury sent messages in all directions: towards those who fight gender violence, inside the police and the entire judicial system. The citizenship demonstrated, once again, that they were up to the challenge. The jurors also demonstrated, after the ruling of the Supreme Court, the wisdom of the ancient unanimity rule. Nobody holds now any doubt after a pronouncement of twelve out of twelve persons.

The defense attorney said that he would waive the appeal.

Photo Gallery

The reaction of the defendant when he heard the verdict

The defense team. The defendant could never hold
anybody´s gaze during the whole trial

Prosecutor Fernando Guzzo

MORE PICTURES 

Tremendous expectation minutes after the verdict

The jury room

Waiting for the verdict outside the courthouse

The media 

This was the touching scene when the jury returned the verdict

Private prosecutor Eduardo de Oro and the wife of one of the police officers

Eduardo de Oro, almost in tears talks to his client

The police greets the prosecutors

Eduardo de Oro and Andés Harfuch, live for Channel 7

Undersecretary of Justice Marcelo D´Agostino

The jury box

Andrés Harfuch and presiding judge Rafael Escot,
inside the jury box after the trial

Read the news here:

Mdzol (05/03/19): "The jury spoke: this is how they convicted Petean Pocovi" (ver)

- Mdzol (05/03/19): "How was the verdict against Petean Pocovi reached" (ver)

- Los Andes (05/03/19): "Governor Alfredo Cornejo celebrated the first conviction of a jury in Mendoza" (ver)

- Los Andes (05/03/19): "In the first trial by jury, Petean Pocoví was sentenced to life imprisonment" (ver)

- El Sol (05/03/19): "The popular jury found Petean Pocoví guilty and was sentenced to life imprisonment" (ver)

- Clarín (05/04/19): "A jury convicted the mountain guide who stabbed his pregnant wife and killed two policemen in his escape to life imprisonment" (ver)

- La Nación (05/04/19): "Guilty": the decision of the first jury in Mendoza" (ver)

THE REVOLUTION OF TRIAL BY JURY IN ARGENTINA. The butcher, not guilty.

Nothing will be the same for Argentina´s judicial system after the butcher, Daniel Oyarzún, was acquitted by a unanimous verdict of not guilty.

Today, the butcher´s case and trial by jury are all that people are talking about in Argentina. It is a true revolution. Trial by jury has gained overwhelming support in public opinion and its rapid extension to the whole country is a strong possibility in the foreseeable future.

This level of excitement and support for the trial by jury system has never occurred in Argentina, not even after the famous guilty verdict in the Farré case (The whole country is talking about jury trials). People are excited to talk about the new values that the jury brings to justice: common sense, fairness, unanimity, the impressive number of twelve jurors that directly represent the community and the finality of the verdicts.

The butcher, after the verdict

SANTA FE: The trial by jury bill is halfway to being approved

On a day that will go down in history in the province and the Argentine Republic, the House of Representatives of the Province of Santa Fe -the third largest province in the country- passed preliminary approval of the trial by jury bill. Thus, with the support of an overwhelming parliamentary majority, the province takes a new step in improving its modern adversarial criminal justice system.

The House of Representatives of Santa Fe

During the following months, the Senate will pass the definitive bill. Many senators have already expressed their willingness for its quick enactment.

THE INTER-AMERICAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS RATIFIED THE CONVENTIONAL VALIDITY OF THE CLASSIC JURY

Finally, the long-awaited day has arrived. The Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACHR) issued the first ruling on trial by jury in its 39 years of existence. And in historic fashion! From now on, the generations to come will always remember this extraordinary and inaugural leading case of the IACHR on juries, "VRP, VPC and others vs. Nicaragua", of March 8, 2018.

Due to its importance, and for its inevitable effects on the domestic law in countries throughout the Americas, this ruling will be the subject of publications, seminars and congresses throughout the continent.